Author summary cobra envenomation is a public health issue in southeast asia. Crossreactivity against naja sumatrana black spitting cobra. The cape cobra naja nivea, also called the yellow cobra, is a moderatesized, highly venomous species of cobra inhabiting a wide variety of biomes across southern africa including arid savanna, fynbos, bushveld, desert and semidesert regions. Alternatives to sumatra pdf for windows, android, mac, linux, android tablet and more. We examined the immunological reactivity and neutralizing potency of a thai polyvalent antivenom against the principal toxins of naja sumatrana equatorial spitting cobra venom and two related asiatic cobra venom. These hematological results provide a reference range for sri lankan population of. Snake venomics of monocled cobra naja kaouthia and investigation of human igg response against venom. Shotgun analysis revealed the presence of 39 proteins in the venom while the chromatographic approach identified 37 venom proteins. Another toxin in cobra venom, phospholipase a 2, works synergistically with the cardiotoxin but phospholipase a 2 alone is free from visible ocular effects. Naja nigricincta bogert, 1940, was long regarded as a subspecies of n. The caspian cobra naja oxiana, also called the central asian cobra, ladle snake, oxus cobra, or russian cobra is a species of venomous snake in the family elapidae. Setup file is completely standalone and compatible with windows 32 bit and 64 bit architecture. Mufti abdul qayyum hazarvi qadri is the author of the book tareekh e najd o hijaz pdf.
Assessing sabu serum anti bisa ular, the sole indonesian. Pdf first record of naja sumatrana on busuanga island. Nov 21, 2016 serum anti ular bisa sabu is the only snake antivenom produced locally in indonesia. It can be used to view documents in pdf, djvu, chm, and xps formats, as well as comic books and is extremely easytouse. The small file size makes it ideal for portable devices, for examples usb drives. Filter by license to discover only free or open source alternatives. The dichotomy increasingly observed between lntx and sntxpredominant venom types in asiatic cobras. Immunological crossreactivity and neutralization of the. Other pdf viewers include lots of features youll never use and which only makes them to be slower and slower. Tareekh e najd o hijaz by abdul qayyum hazarvi pdf the. Currently, antivenom therapy is the standard treatment for snakebite. The antivenom used was a commercial product from the haffkine biopharmaceutical corporation mumbai, india.
The cobra can raise its anterior third, expand its hood, perform warning sounds and spits its venom. Some species, such as the whitebellied blind snake, spend virtually their entire lives burrowing in the tropical soil. Media in category naja the following 17 files are in this category, out of 17 total. A week after the incident, his eye had recovered completely figure 3c and d. The snake, which also fitted the description of the naja sumatrana, spat into his left eye while in captivity. Equatorial spitting cobra naja sumatrana juvenile found dead in the parking lot 8439931893. It was estimated that the highest burden of snake bites exists in south asia, southeast asia, and subsaharan africa. Sumatra is free and opensource pdf reader for windows. Naja sumatrana wikispecies wikispecies, free species. The lightweight program is a free open source pdf, xps, ebook epub, mobi, chm, djvi and comic book cbz and cbr reader running on windows. Analysis of the efficacy of taiwanese freezedried neurotoxic.
E collected from augustoctober 2012 were investigated in this study. He was the founder member of jamia nizamia rizvia lahore. Venomics of naja sputatrix, the javan spitting cobra. Pdf on dec 4, 2017, nia kurniawan and others published phylogenetics and biogeography of cobra squamata.
The blacknecked spitting cobra naja nigricollis is a species of spitting cobra found mostly in subsaharan africa. King cobra ophiophagus hannahphoto by kumar made available on wikimedia and reproduced under the terms of gnu free documentation license. Sy and others published first record of naja sumatrana on busuanga island, philippines find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. Naja sumatrana is the dominant cobra species in malaysia, singapore, borneo, and sumatra, and it does not have specific antivenom. Are you looking for a pdf reader that follows the principle of less is more. This species is medium in length, averaging between 0. Slim, fast, and free pdf reader automatically substitutes fonts when they are missing supports embedded links within pdf files allows copy and paste of text from pdf to clipboard system requirements. Local antivenom treatment for ophthalmic injuries caused. The equatorial spitting cobra naja sumatrana also called the black spitting cobra, malayan spitting cobra, golden spitting cobra, or sumatran spitting cobra, is a species of spitting cobra found in southeast asia description. Taiwan has wealth of experience in producing antivenoms, including the bivalent freezedried neurotoxic antivenom. Portable document format pdf, microsoft compiled html help chm, djvu, epub, fictionbook fb2, mobi, prc, open xml paper specification openxps, oxps, xps, and comic book archive file cb7, cbr, cbt, cbz. Ophthalmia due to spitting cobra venom in an urban setting a. Free fulltext pdf articles from hundreds of disciplines, all in one place correction.
Naja sumatrana is a medically important cobra species in southeast asia. The species is diurnal and is a feeding generalist, preying on a number of different species and carrion. Pharmacokinetics of naja sumatrana equatorial spitting cobra. Over the past decades, snake venom has been identified as a potential source of therapeutic agents, including anti. Mice were maintained under specific pathogenfree conditions with a. Toxins free fulltext exploring the diversity and novelty of toxin. This study sought to investigate factors limiting the neutralizing potency of cobra antivenom, using a murine model. Sumatra pdf leaves them apart and only takes the ones you really need.
Sumatra pdf is a slim, free, opensource pdf viewer designed for portable use so you can efficiently run it from an external usb drive. Biochemical and toxinological characterization of naja sumatrana equatorial spitting cobra venom article in journal of venomous animals and toxins including tropical diseases 174. In certain species of asian cobras, such as the javan spitting cobra naja sputatrix and the equatorial spitting cobra naja sumatrana, the basic and neutral svpla 2 isoenzymes are known to contribute substantially to lethality in mice, with or without a synergistic action with the cobra venom cytotoxinscardiotoxins 3,14,15. Pharmacokinetics of naja sumatrana equatorial spitting cobra venom and its major toxins in experimentally envenomed rabbits pdf paperity.
The equatorial spitting cobra, naja sumatrana, is a distinct species of medically important venomous snakes, listed as who category 1 in southeast asia. They are moderately sized snakes that can grow to a length of 1. Distinctive distribution of secretory phospholipases a2 in. Blacknecked spitting cobra wikipedia republished wiki 2. Guidelines for the clinical management of snake bites in.
Proteomic characterization of venom of the medically. The equatorial spitting cobra naja sumatrana also called the black spitting cobra, malayan spitting cobra, golden spitting cobra, or sumatran spitting cobra, is a species of spitting cobra found in southeast asia. Media in category naja sumatrana the following 6 files are in this category, out of 6 total. Naja kaouthia, naja sumatrana, and ophiophagus hannah are three of the most common cobra species in malaysia and are of medical importance. Sumatran spitting cobra naja sumatrana have been recorded in johore, kedah. Secondly, antivenom may bind free residual venoms as well as venoms already adhered to cell surface. The proteome of naja sumatrana equatorial spitting cobra venom was investigated by shotgun analysis and a combination of ionexchange chromatography and reverse phase hplc. Venoms of snakes, scorpions, bees and purified venom phospholipase a 2 pla 2 enzymes were examined to evaluate the antibacterial activity of purified venom enzymes as compared with that of the crude venoms. Naja is a genus of venomous elapid snakes known as cobras. Biochemical and toxinological characterization of naja. Venoms of two other southeast asia naja species, n.
Naja kaouthia monocellate cobra, monocled cobra naja sumatrana sumatran spitting cobra, golden spitting cobra, malayan spitting cobra, equatorial spitting cobra. This article is from plos neglected tropical diseases, volume 8. Sumatrapdf starts very fast and comes with a clean and simple interface. Surgically implanted radiotransmitters in two sumatran spitting cobras naja sumatrana and one reticulated python python reticulatus supported by copenhagen zoo, denmark. Indian cobra naja najaphoto by kamalnv made available on wikimedia and reproduced under the terms of gnu free documentation license b. Naja sumatrana muller, 1890 elapidae malaysia biodiversity.
Crossreactivity against naja sumatrana black spitting. Their coloration and markings can vary considerably. Sumatra pdf is a free pdf, ebook epub, mobi, xps, djvu, chm, comic book cbz and cbr reader for windows. Pharmacokinetics of naja sumatrana equatorial spitting. This is a stub page which contains only a minimal amount of information. The author of the book tareekh e najd o hijaz pdf was one of the great scholars of ahlesunnat school of thought in pakistan. Pdf phylogenetics and biogeography of cobra squamata. All content in this area was uploaded by sami asad. Hematological and plasma biochemical parameters in a wild. The range of snakes of medical significance in malaysia currently encompasses three families of snakes colubridae, elapidae and viperidae there are limited data on the distribution of snakes in the country. May 22, 2015 open and read virtually all pdf documents with sumatra pdf viewer. Please contribute to wikispecies by adding references, type locality, holotype and synonyms. A userfriendly program that helps you open pdf, chm, djvu and xps formats, as well as comic books, while offering support for different viewing modes and keyboard.
Dont hesitate, download it and give it a try, finally, its totally free. Sumatra pdf by krzysztof kowalczyk is an opensource application that will allow you to read not only pdf documents, but also several ebook formats like djvu, epub or mobi. Naja sumatrana miolepis boulenger 1896 naja tripudians paucisquamis peracca 1899 naja tripudians sumatrana schenckel 1901 naia tripudians leucodira rosen 1905 naja naja sputatrix stejneger part 1907 naja naja miolepis griffin 1909 naja naja paucisquamis barbour 1912 naja naja leucodira mertens 1934 naja naja sumatrana kopstein. The golden spitting cobra has the same reaction like indochinese spitting cobra naja siamensis when they were being threatened. Ophthalmia due to spitting cobra venom in an urban setting. Systematics and biogeography of the asiatic cobra naja naja the latter is considered to belong to the equatorial spitting cobra, naja sumatrana. Find related downloads to sumatra pdf editor freeware and softwares, download sumatra pdf, pdf24 pdf creator, videopad video editor, xml copy editor, free pdf unlocker, wavepad sound editor, sublime t. This study aims to determine the efficacy of this antivenom against naja sumatrana envenoming using a mouse model. Southeast asias snakes exhibit a remarkable diversity of colour, patterning, shape and size. Naja sumatrana, johannes peter muller, 1890 equatorial spitting cobra naja sumatrana also called the black spitting cobra, malayan spitting cobra, golden spitting cobra, or sumatran spitting cobra, is a species of spitting cobra found in southeast asia. Naja sumatrana, ocular envenomation, spitting cobra, venom. Sumatrapdf by krzysztof kowalczyk should i remove it. Naja sumatrana or the golden spitting cobra has an average size of 120 150 cm.
Hematological and plasma biochemical parameters indicated a difference between geographically isolated populations and some values were significantly different between the two genders. In contrast, the venoms of thai monocled cobra naja kaouthia and indian common cobra naja naja are lntxpredominant, while the venom of malaysian equatorial spitting cobra n. Biochemical and toxinological characterization of naja sumatrana. The following account is based on available published information on snakes recorded from peninsular malaysia, sabah and sarawak.
Naja sumatrana venom was pooled from five local adult naja sumatrana cobras housed at the zoo, lyophilised, and stored at. Antibacterial activity of snake, scorpion and bee venoms. However, antivenoms are not available in many rural countries and communities or have only limited effectiveness. Even if there is no version of sumatra pdf for mac available for download, there are other tools you can use instead. Guidelines for the clinical management of snake bite in the southeast asia region myanmar, sri lanka, thailand, viet nam. Sumatra pdf is a free and opensource document viewer that supports many document formats including. Several other genera include species commonly called cobras for example the rinkhals, or ringnecked spitting cobra hemachatus haemachatus, but of all the snakes known by that name, members of the genus naja are the most widespread and the most widely recognized as cobras.
If you need an easytouse pdf viewer, sumatra is one of the best choices you can do. A rabbit trial compared the effect of various therapeutic agents on the ocular damages caused by. To date, only one species naja kaouthia has naturalised outside its native range. The naja sumatrana venom is composed of neurotoxins, cardiotoxins and necrotoxins with high acetylcholinesterase, hyaluronidase and phospholipase activities. Naja sumatrana, commonly known as the black spitting cobra or equatorial spitting cobra, is the dominant cobra species in peninsular malaysia, singapore, borneo, and sumatra. The optimization of snakebite management and the use of antivenom depend.
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